Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury

Fatin Izzati Mohammed Azmi; Nur Fazliatul Azrin Farouk Shah; Abdul Muhaimin Noor Azhar

doi:doi:10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15

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Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury

Fatin Izzati Mohammed Azmi^*

, Nur Fazliatul Azrin Farouk Shah

, Abdul Muhaimin Noor Azhar

Published in Frontiers (Volume 4, Issue 4)

Received: 6 September 2024 Accepted: 25 September 2024 Published: 30 December 2024

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Abstract

Background: Closed-loop ventilators (CLVs): CLVs also known as automated ventilators, are advanced systems that automatically adjust ventilator settings based on the patient’s respiratory mechanics. Unlike open-loop ventilators (OLVs), which require manual parameter adjustments, CLVs use real-time feedback to maintain target oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂) levels, enhancing patient comfort and reducing complications. Cerebral Protection in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Maintaining normoxia, and normocapnia is crucial for cerebral protection in TBI. High carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels cause vasodilation, increasing intracranial pressure, while low levels cause vasoconstriction, reducing cerebral perfusion. CLVs automatically adjust ventilator settings based on continuous patient feedback, optimizing CO₂ levels and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Case Presentation: A 19-year-old male with severe TBI was intubated and connected to a fully automated CLV and set to "Brain Injury" mode. The ventilator automatically adjusted parameters to achieve target end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂) levels, evidenced by subsequent arterial blood gas (ABG) results showing desired partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) and partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂) levels. Conclusion: CLVs in TBI patients automatically manage CO₂ elimination and oxygen delivery using simplified settings, adjusting based on real-time oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and EtCO₂ levels. This approach maintains normocapnia and normoxia, meeting cerebral protection criteria with fewer manual adjustments, advantageous in the emergency department (ED). CLVs offer a practical solution in the ED, automating ventilator adjustments to maintain desired CO₂ levels, thus shifting the clinician's role from manual “presetting” to “deciding” target CO₂ levels. This automation improves efficiency and patient outcomes in a hectic clinical environment.

Published in	Frontiers (Volume 4, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15
Page(s)	150-155
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Closed-Loop Ventilation, Adaptive Support Ventilation, Artificial Intelligence, Cerebral Protection, Traumatic Brain Injury

References

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[6]	Borsellino B, Schultz MJ, Gama de Abreu M, Robba C, Bilotta F. Mechanical ventilation in neurocritical care patients: a systematic literature review. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine.2016; 10(10): 1123-1132. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2017.1235976
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APA Style

Azmi, F. I. M., Shah, N. F. A. F., Azhar, A. M. N. (2024). Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury. Frontiers, 4(4), 150-155. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15

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ACS Style

Azmi, F. I. M.; Shah, N. F. A. F.; Azhar, A. M. N. Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury. Frontiers. 2024, 4(4), 150-155. doi: 10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15

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AMA Style

Azmi FIM, Shah NFAF, Azhar AMN. Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury. Frontiers. 2024;4(4):150-155. doi: 10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15

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@article{10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15,
  author = {Fatin Izzati Mohammed Azmi and Nur Fazliatul Azrin Farouk Shah and Abdul Muhaimin Noor Azhar},
  title = {Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury
},
  journal = {Frontiers},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {150-155},
  doi = {10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.frontiers.20240404.15},
  abstract = {Background: Closed-loop ventilators (CLVs): CLVs also known as automated ventilators, are advanced systems that automatically adjust ventilator settings based on the patient’s respiratory mechanics. Unlike open-loop ventilators (OLVs), which require manual parameter adjustments, CLVs use real-time feedback to maintain target oxygen saturation (SpO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) levels, enhancing patient comfort and reducing complications. Cerebral Protection in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Maintaining normoxia, and normocapnia is crucial for cerebral protection in TBI. High carbon dioxide (CO2) levels cause vasodilation, increasing intracranial pressure, while low levels cause vasoconstriction, reducing cerebral perfusion. CLVs automatically adjust ventilator settings based on continuous patient feedback, optimizing CO2 levels and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Case Presentation: A 19-year-old male with severe TBI was intubated and connected to a fully automated CLV and set to "Brain Injury" mode. The ventilator automatically adjusted parameters to achieve target end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) levels, evidenced by subsequent arterial blood gas (ABG) results showing desired partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) levels. Conclusion: CLVs in TBI patients automatically manage CO2 elimination and oxygen delivery using simplified settings, adjusting based on real-time oxygen saturation (SpO2) and EtCO2 levels. This approach maintains normocapnia and normoxia, meeting cerebral protection criteria with fewer manual adjustments, advantageous in the emergency department (ED). CLVs offer a practical solution in the ED, automating ventilator adjustments to maintain desired CO2 levels, thus shifting the clinician's role from manual “presetting” to “deciding” target CO2 levels. This automation improves efficiency and patient outcomes in a hectic clinical environment.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury

AU  - Fatin Izzati Mohammed Azmi
AU  - Nur Fazliatul Azrin Farouk Shah
AU  - Abdul Muhaimin Noor Azhar
Y1  - 2024/12/30
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15
T2  - Frontiers
JF  - Frontiers
JO  - Frontiers
SP  - 150
EP  - 155
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7197
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15
AB  - Background: Closed-loop ventilators (CLVs): CLVs also known as automated ventilators, are advanced systems that automatically adjust ventilator settings based on the patient’s respiratory mechanics. Unlike open-loop ventilators (OLVs), which require manual parameter adjustments, CLVs use real-time feedback to maintain target oxygen saturation (SpO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) levels, enhancing patient comfort and reducing complications. Cerebral Protection in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Maintaining normoxia, and normocapnia is crucial for cerebral protection in TBI. High carbon dioxide (CO2) levels cause vasodilation, increasing intracranial pressure, while low levels cause vasoconstriction, reducing cerebral perfusion. CLVs automatically adjust ventilator settings based on continuous patient feedback, optimizing CO2 levels and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Case Presentation: A 19-year-old male with severe TBI was intubated and connected to a fully automated CLV and set to "Brain Injury" mode. The ventilator automatically adjusted parameters to achieve target end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) levels, evidenced by subsequent arterial blood gas (ABG) results showing desired partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) levels. Conclusion: CLVs in TBI patients automatically manage CO2 elimination and oxygen delivery using simplified settings, adjusting based on real-time oxygen saturation (SpO2) and EtCO2 levels. This approach maintains normocapnia and normoxia, meeting cerebral protection criteria with fewer manual adjustments, advantageous in the emergency department (ED). CLVs offer a practical solution in the ED, automating ventilator adjustments to maintain desired CO2 levels, thus shifting the clinician's role from manual “presetting” to “deciding” target CO2 levels. This automation improves efficiency and patient outcomes in a hectic clinical environment.

VL  - 4
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Fatin Izzati Mohammed Azmi

Department of Emergency Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1378-0459
Nur Fazliatul Azrin Farouk Shah

Department of Emergency Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0002-1339-2587
Abdul Muhaimin Noor Azhar

Department of Emergency Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1085-0725

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APA Style

Azmi, F. I. M., Shah, N. F. A. F., Azhar, A. M. N. (2024). Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury. Frontiers, 4(4), 150-155. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15

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ACS Style

Azmi, F. I. M.; Shah, N. F. A. F.; Azhar, A. M. N. Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury. Frontiers. 2024, 4(4), 150-155. doi: 10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15

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AMA Style

Azmi FIM, Shah NFAF, Azhar AMN. Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury. Frontiers. 2024;4(4):150-155. doi: 10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15,
  author = {Fatin Izzati Mohammed Azmi and Nur Fazliatul Azrin Farouk Shah and Abdul Muhaimin Noor Azhar},
  title = {Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury
},
  journal = {Frontiers},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {150-155},
  doi = {10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.frontiers.20240404.15},
  abstract = {Background: Closed-loop ventilators (CLVs): CLVs also known as automated ventilators, are advanced systems that automatically adjust ventilator settings based on the patient’s respiratory mechanics. Unlike open-loop ventilators (OLVs), which require manual parameter adjustments, CLVs use real-time feedback to maintain target oxygen saturation (SpO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) levels, enhancing patient comfort and reducing complications. Cerebral Protection in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Maintaining normoxia, and normocapnia is crucial for cerebral protection in TBI. High carbon dioxide (CO2) levels cause vasodilation, increasing intracranial pressure, while low levels cause vasoconstriction, reducing cerebral perfusion. CLVs automatically adjust ventilator settings based on continuous patient feedback, optimizing CO2 levels and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Case Presentation: A 19-year-old male with severe TBI was intubated and connected to a fully automated CLV and set to "Brain Injury" mode. The ventilator automatically adjusted parameters to achieve target end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) levels, evidenced by subsequent arterial blood gas (ABG) results showing desired partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) levels. Conclusion: CLVs in TBI patients automatically manage CO2 elimination and oxygen delivery using simplified settings, adjusting based on real-time oxygen saturation (SpO2) and EtCO2 levels. This approach maintains normocapnia and normoxia, meeting cerebral protection criteria with fewer manual adjustments, advantageous in the emergency department (ED). CLVs offer a practical solution in the ED, automating ventilator adjustments to maintain desired CO2 levels, thus shifting the clinician's role from manual “presetting” to “deciding” target CO2 levels. This automation improves efficiency and patient outcomes in a hectic clinical environment.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Enhancing Cerebral Protection: A Closed-Loop Ventilation Approach (Artificial Intelligence) for Targeted Carbon Dioxide Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury

AU  - Fatin Izzati Mohammed Azmi
AU  - Nur Fazliatul Azrin Farouk Shah
AU  - Abdul Muhaimin Noor Azhar
Y1  - 2024/12/30
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15
T2  - Frontiers
JF  - Frontiers
JO  - Frontiers
SP  - 150
EP  - 155
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7197
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.frontiers.20240404.15
AB  - Background: Closed-loop ventilators (CLVs): CLVs also known as automated ventilators, are advanced systems that automatically adjust ventilator settings based on the patient’s respiratory mechanics. Unlike open-loop ventilators (OLVs), which require manual parameter adjustments, CLVs use real-time feedback to maintain target oxygen saturation (SpO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) levels, enhancing patient comfort and reducing complications. Cerebral Protection in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Maintaining normoxia, and normocapnia is crucial for cerebral protection in TBI. High carbon dioxide (CO2) levels cause vasodilation, increasing intracranial pressure, while low levels cause vasoconstriction, reducing cerebral perfusion. CLVs automatically adjust ventilator settings based on continuous patient feedback, optimizing CO2 levels and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Case Presentation: A 19-year-old male with severe TBI was intubated and connected to a fully automated CLV and set to "Brain Injury" mode. The ventilator automatically adjusted parameters to achieve target end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) levels, evidenced by subsequent arterial blood gas (ABG) results showing desired partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) levels. Conclusion: CLVs in TBI patients automatically manage CO2 elimination and oxygen delivery using simplified settings, adjusting based on real-time oxygen saturation (SpO2) and EtCO2 levels. This approach maintains normocapnia and normoxia, meeting cerebral protection criteria with fewer manual adjustments, advantageous in the emergency department (ED). CLVs offer a practical solution in the ED, automating ventilator adjustments to maintain desired CO2 levels, thus shifting the clinician's role from manual “presetting” to “deciding” target CO2 levels. This automation improves efficiency and patient outcomes in a hectic clinical environment.

VL  - 4
IS  - 4
ER  -

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